Good Leadership

A QUEST FOR ECO-LEADERSHIP: Beyond the church of capitalism

Join us for an enlightening discussion with Simon Western, a distinguished thought leader, educator, and transformational expert. Our interview takes us on a captivating journey, delving into the profound implications of critical management theory and Simon's extensive research in anarchic and social movements. We navigate through his meticulous revision of historical leadership discourses and the challenges associated with adopting new and systemic leadership approaches. Together, we uncover the keys to decentralizing leadership, and cultivating adaptive, participative, and dynamic organizations in the era of interconnected ecosystems. Drawing from Simon's wealth of personal, spiritual and coaching experiences, we shine a spotlight on the vital relevance of psychodynamics and ethical responsibility within the context of leadership and organizational change. Our explorations clearly demonstrate the need to act in 'good faith' to construct a 'good society'. Join us as on this stimulating quest for Eco-Leadership, as we seek to re-enchant our work and lives, forging a path toward a more sustainable and equitable future.

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BEHIND the interview

Why is the interview important? Who are we talking to?

DISCOVERING THE DIALOGUE WITH

simon Western

We were compelled to approach Simon for this interview due to his remarkable ability to seamlessly blend three distinct areas of knowledge. His "embodied" professional knowledge as a nurse, psychotherapist, and coach, coupled with his deep theoretical understanding spanning critical management, leadership and psychology, and his spiritual commitment to generate positive social change as an educator and exemplary social movement leader. On this basis, we were keen to explore three aspects of his work.

First and foremost, we were drawn to Simon's critical analysis of contemporary leadership discourses. His deep-rooted foundation in critical theory, anarchism and critical discourse analysis provided a unique lens on the evolving landscape of leadership. We wanted to gain insights into both his approach and his profound understanding of the complexities and nuances of different discourses.

Secondly,Simon's leadership development approach intrigued us. His comprehensiveAnalytic-Network Coaching System encompasses five frames, which include depth analysis for individual purpose, relational analysis for team dynamics, leadership analysis to discover hidden leadership capabilities, network analysis to promote connected thinking, and strategic analysis for influencing change. Our primary objective was to delve into the intricacies of the model and explore how the interplay of psychoanalysis, system psychodynamics and complexity theory contributes to the development of effective leaders, drawing connections to our discussion with Gianpiero Petriglieri. Within this context, we were also eager to uncover the relevance of Lacanian approaches, which emphasize the concepts of lack and desire and propose a subversive stance towards both theories of subjective ego and the Enlightenment's idea of consciousness-as-truth. Additionally, we were fascinated by Simon's challenges to the "happiness imperative" advanced by modern positive psychology.

Lastly, Simon's personal history and spirituality provide a profound backdrop to his work on reenchanting organizations and leadership. We sought to explore how these elements inspire and anchor his mission to create a more meaningful and ethically grounded approach to leadership, and more generally explore the importance of faith (in a James Fowler sense).

KEY LEARNING GOALS (click LIGHTBULB to see the INQUIRY MAP)

  • What is Critical Discourse Analysis? Why is it important to combine critical approaches with an emancipatory purpose?
  • What are the prevalent discourses of leadership in Simon's historical analysis? What are the implications of each of them?
  • What is eco-Leadership? What are its normative premises? What are its practical implications?
  • How can eco-Leaders be developed? What is the relevance of desire and spirituality?

✿ ABOUT SIMON WESTERN


Simon Western is a distinguished teacher, executive coach, organizational consultant, and renowned leadership expert. He serves as CEO and Founder of the Eco-Leadership Institute and Analytic-Network Coaching (A-Nc), a global network of advanced coaches focused on transforming coaching, leadership, and organizational practices. Simon holds a Ph.D. from Lancaster University Management School, an M.A. with Distinction in "Consultation and the Organization" from Tavistock Clinic, London, and an M.A. in Counseling Studies from Keele University, UK.

Simon's versatile career combines academia and professional practice. In his coaching and consultancy work he has collaborated with international clients, including HSBC Bank, Caterpillar, London Business School, as well as national educational leaders and former CEOs of global banks. His academic roles include Honorary Teaching Fellow at Lancaster University Management School, Honorary Associate Fellow in the Department of Psychosocial Studies at Birkbeck University, Senior Fellow at Birmingham University's Health Service Management Centre, and Associate at the Tavistock Institute. He has lectured at renowned international business schools and delivered keynote addresses at prestigious conferences worldwide. Simon is a member of the International Society for the Psychoanalytical Study of Organisations (ISPSO) and the Organisation for Promoting Understanding in Society (OPUS).

Simon is a prolific author, with notable publications including "Leadership: A Critical Text" and "Coaching and Mentoring: A Critical Text." His research contributions extend to book chapters and articles in esteemed journals. Additionally, Simon hosts the highly acclaimed Edgy Ideas podcast, exploring the impact of social change, technology, and environmental issues on our lives and identities in an era of disruption.

With a strong academic background and a successful career in leadership, coaching, and consultancy, Simon Western has significantly influenced the fields of leadership and organizational development. His work is deeply rooted in a critical and ethical perspective, driven by the belief that our mission is to work in "good faith" to construct the "good society."


Exploring the Critical concepts for this session

Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Sigmund Freud, whose work stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud developed and refined the theory and practice of psychoanalysis until his death in 1939. In an encyclopedia article, he identified the cornerstones of psychoanalysis as "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of repression and resistance, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and of the Oedipus complex." Freud's colleagues Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung developed offshoots of psychoanalysis which they called individual psychology (Adler) and analytical psychology (Jung), although Freud himself wrote a number of criticisms of them and emphatically denied that they were forms of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis was later developed in different directions by neo-Freudian thinkers, such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack Sullivan.

Coaching is a form of development in which an experienced person, called a coach, supports a learner or client in achieving a specific personal or professional goal by providing training and guidance. The learner is sometimes called a coachee. Occasionally, coaching may mean an informal relationship between two people, of whom one has more experience and expertise than the other and offers advice and guidance as the latter learns; but coaching differs from mentoring by focusing on specific tasks or objectives, as opposed to more general goals or overall development.

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice. CDA combines critique of discourse and explanation of how it figures within and contributes to the existing social reality, as a basis for action to change that existing reality in particular respects. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally argue that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use. In this sense, it differs from discourse analysis in that it highlights issues of power asymmetries, manipulation, exploitation, and structural inequities in domains such as education, media, and politics.

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessarily limited to, governments, nation states, and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies or other forms of free associations. As a historically left-wing movement, this reading of anarchism is placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, it is usually described as the libertarian wing of the socialist movement (libertarian socialism).

Eco-leadership is an ethical leadership approach designed for our Precarious-Interdependent age. The term was coined by Dr. Simon Western in the first edition of Leadership: A Critical Text to describe a new leadership paradigm for organizations in the networked and interdependent global environment

Eco-Leadership, coined by Dr. Simon Western, presents a progressive approach to leadership in organizations. Developed from academic research and consultancy work, it addresses the interrelated disruptions of technological innovation, environmental crises, and global social changes. This holistic leadership paradigm emphasizes three core principles: 1. Social Purpose: Eco-Leadership seeks to create shared value for society beyond profit, transcending traditional shareholder focus. 2. Participative Organizations: It promotes the decentralization of leadership, empowering everyone to lead when appropriate, fostering adaptability, and inclusiveness. 3. Eco-Mindsets: Eco-Leadership advocates moving beyond linear thinking and engaging with marginalized perspectives, promoting holistic solutions. Eco-Leadership embodies qualities of connectivity and interdependence, systemic ethics, leadership spirit, and organizational belonging. It empowers organizations to respond creatively to evolving challenges, encourages innovation and collaboration, and ensures marginalized voices are heard. In the long term, Eco-Leadership recognizes the interdependence of environmental, social, and economic systems and champions ethical decision-making, well-being of future generations, and collaborative efforts to address pressing issues. This approach aims to create a more sustainable and equitable future for organizations and society.

The relation of psychotherapy and metaphysics dates back to the origins of dynamic psychiatry and its own foundings in Romanticism and German Idealism. In the 19th Century there was no question that psychotherapy was grounded in the metaphysical unconscious, be it that of Schelling, Schopenhauer, Fechner or Carus. After Freud the problem seems reversed; no
longer do we attempt to ground our therapeutic practice in metaphysical speculation but quite the opposite, drawing metaphysical conclusions from the work of the therapist. This is seen clearly in the after effects of the Lacan-event: from Deleuze, to Badiou, to Žižek we can see philosophers grappling with the structural form of psychoanalysis, not on the grounds of therapeutics, but taking Lacan as having produced works of metaphysics, or at least, of metaphysical import. In this essay I will suggest that it is in light of the question of Lacanian ontology that we should read both Badiou and Žižek. While it could be argued how satisfactorily Lacan answered the question of ontology, it seems clear that both Badiou and Žižek are at least answering the question in some way. It will be shown that not only do they present two different possible answers to the question of Lacanian ontology, but that in doing so they present us with two different ways of viewing and reading Lacan.

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GETTING STARTED

A Resource Kit to launch your explorations

Many resources. links and the "Edgy Ideas" podcast are available on Simon's ANC website 

A number of Simon's publications available on Google Scholar

Simon's publications on Academia UK

The Eco-Leadership Institute is a think-tank, a developmental hub, and a change agent.

In this presentation "A Meta-Theory of Coaching" highlights and extracts from from his book "Coaching and Mentoring. A Critical Text" are summarized.

This is the introduction to his book on "Coaching an Mentoring. A Critical Text". This book aims to be thoughtful yet polemic, taking a critical stance, to look at coaching and mentoring from perspectives that provoke curiosity and that support practitioners and interested parties to scrutinize coaching in depth. It is a book of ideas, clearly aimed at stimulating thinking and dialogue, through situating coaching and mentoring in a broad historical and socialcontext, and drawing on a wide range of theory from beyond coaching.

This chapter reflects on a decade of working to implement the concept of Eco-Leadership within organizations. Eco-leadership is a radical form of distributing leadership and leading organizations in a socially ethical way, shifting the idea of an organization from efficient machine to conceptualize them as ‘eco-systems within wider ecosystems’). Eco-Leadership is one of four dominant discourses of leadership theorized in Western, S. (2013). Leadership: A critical text 2nd ed Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

This chapter describes how progressive organisations are moving on from the dominant leadership discourses of the 20th century i.e. The Controller leadership discourse, drawing on the machine metaphor of organising i.e. controlling resources/people, focusing on efficiency and scientific rationalism; the Therapist Leadership discourse, drawing on the human relations movement and therapy culture (a happy worker is a more productive worker) and the Messiah Leadership discourse that emerged in the 1980s, informed by a surge in culture control via Transformational leadership who presents workers with visions and values that harness their souls. Eco-Leadership emerges to offer new leadership for an increasingly networked society that demands lateral relations rather than vertical structures with top down leaders and centralised control. Eco-leaders recognise their organisations are fluid and inter-dependent networks that require leadership at the edges as well as the centre. They also recognise that organisations are part of wider eco-systems made up of nature, technology and the social, and that they must pay attention to these wider forces to be successful.

This paper explores the social meaning of Greta Thunberg. Time magazine made her Person of the Year 2019, claiming she has become a social phenomenon a ‘global sensation’. This paper utilises psycho-social theory drawing on Freudian, Kleinian and Lacanian influences, and new social movement theory to explore the social meaning of ‘Greta’. It asks what ‘Greta’ evokes in our ‘social imaginary’ . What conscious and unconscious identifications are projected onto ‘Greta’ that have made her the unlikely famous person she is? These questions are not about exploring her individual psychological, leadership or character traits, but focus on Greta (now 17) as a social object with a vast social network following her, including over 4.2 million twitter followers, a new documentary film about her, and mainstream media coverage across the globe. Part one of this paper outlines the context and libidinal economies that Greta operates within, and the theoretical influences the paper draws upon. Part two of the paper outlines five core messages that Greta transmits, and the meanings that emerge from observing social reactions to her. The paper ends with a conclusion summarising the social meanings of Greta.

International Happiness Day is back, reflecting how the happiness imperative has reached epidemic proportions! Positive psychologists, life-coaches and self-help gurus, and now politicians and the United Nations are demanding that we strive for happiness. Trite slogans are offered, ‘Discover your true self’ ‘Love yourself more’ ‘Do what makes you happy’ ‘Happiness is contagious’ ‘Follow your dreams and achieve all you desire’. Striving for happiness may seem like a no-brainer, as of course we all want to be happy ……don’t we? This essay undoes the logic of this position claiming that the happiness imperative, creates plenty of unhappiness!

This paper outlines a new theoretical and methodology for consulting to organizations. It integrates the paternal containment and the paternal metaphor of Lacan, with the classic Tavistock consultation methodology of working with the Kleinian frames of Maternal containment. The aim is to overcome some of the challenges that arise from utilizing clinical psychoanalytic theory and methods, in organizational settings. Having described how change agents (consultants, coaches, leaders) can utilize this theory and method to work in organizations, the paper finishes with a reflection on how this framework can help model leadership dynamics in the wider social field. This is in particular relation to challenging both soft and hard authoritarian leadership approaches in the fast changing globalized-networked

An intervention designed as a radically inclusive approach to strategic planning in an organisation in the UK Education Sector. The intervention aimed to maximise participation in the strategic process and in doing so build a culture that was emancipatory: where employees had increasing agency to influence change. The whole organisation was engaged in this strategic process and as a by-product of this work, we created new 'thinking spaces' that would become internalised within the organisation 

Further essays and materials from other authors

Four discourses is a concept developed by French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. He argued that there were four fundamental types of discourse. He defined four discourses, which he called Master, University, Hysteric and Analyst, and suggested that these relate dynamically to one another.

Object relations theory in psychoanalytic psychology is the process of developing a psyche in relation to others in the childhood environment. It designates theories or aspects of theories that are concerned with the exploration of relationships between real and external people as well as internal images and the relations found in them. It maintains that the infant's relationship with the mother primarily determines the formation of its personality in adult life.

The object relations theory of Melanie Klein pivoted around the importance of love and hate, concern for and destruction of others, from infancy onwards. Klein stressed the importance of inborn aggression as a reflection of the death drive and talked about the battle of love and hatred throughout the life span.

In social science, disenchantment (German: Entzauberung) is the cultural rationalization and devaluation of religion apparent in modern society. The term was borrowed from Friedrich Schiller by Max Weber to describe the character of a modernized, bureaucratic, secularized Western society.

Describes the ways in which management and leadership are split apart, with one aspect idealized and the other devalued, as a social defense against confronting the adaptive demands of contemporary operating environments. Two variants of this social defense are examined: managerialism, which looks to the magic of technique; and heroism, which focuses on the heroic leader. Responding effectively to current conditions requires linking leadership, the visionary and mission setting aspects of executive action, with management, the tools for achieving organizational purposes.

This essay challenges the (Weberian) thesis that the modern world is a ‘disenchanted’ one. I contend that enchantment has outlasted the Enlightenment; that it endures despite the demise of the ontology that allowed it paradigmatic expression in the sixteenth century writings of Paracelsus. I present two post‐medieval pictures of an enchanted world: the first appears, of all places, in Kant's Critique of Judgment, where a peculiar magic is required of nature if humans are to gain access to the ‘supersensible’ realm of freedom and rational ideas; the second focuses upon the strange beauty of late modernity's admixtures of animal and human, organism and machine, the given and made. Here I use a little Kafka and lot of Deleuze to explore these hybrids as ‘technoenchantments’ operative in a world that fascinates without being expressive of a design or a will. I spotlight contemporary sites of enchantment in order to intensify the experience of them, and thus perhaps to erode the conviction that an undesigned universe calls above all for a cold‐eyed instrumentalism.

Enchanting work is a polysemic term that can account for multiple interpretations. It can be defined as a feeling of being connected in an affirmative way to existence. In organizational terms, enchanted workplaces are places of wonder that allow people to be active agents, who can impact on their environment, find meaning in their work, and flourish. In this context, enchantment has been operationalized in organizational and managerial literature in a variety of ways, including being resourceful, happy, resilient, passionate, motivated, or healthy at work, among others. The main purpose of this special issue was to highlight those elements that may promote enchanting work environments, and the processes through which (re-)enchantment may be achieved. Also, we were interested in understanding re-enchantment as an internal process.

Re-enchantment taps well into the current zeitgeist: The rising focus on emotions and post-material values also in organizational context. Enchantment is deeply tied to socially generated emotions. Our aim is to develop the concept of copassion, referring to the process of responding to the positive emotion of a fellow human being. Concepts are crucial as they shape our understanding of the world. Our core claim is relating to our colleagues’ positive emotions not only enables and maintains but also fosters enchantment at work. In this article, by laying the ground by discussing enchantment and the theoretical framework of intersubjectivity, we will link copassion to the physiological and evolutionary basis of humans, as well as explore its conceptual neighbors. Finally, we will discuss intersubjectivity, and particularly mutual recognition, as well as the inseparability of compassion and copassion in human experience at work, and its implications to the study of enchantment.

Selected published works

Interested in Leadership? Here is our Top 100 selection of the most important books for professional leaders of all times.


the socratic dialogue

Live video recording and podcasts

Explanations, artefacts and references from the interview

We talked quite a lot about the decision-making of Quakers. Find a paper on Quaker Decision Making which explains and reflects the process.

Jacques Marie Émile Lacan (April 13, 1901 to September 9, 1981) was a major figure in Parisian intellectual life for much of the twentieth century. Sometimes referred to as “the French Freud,” he is an important figure in the history of psychoanalysis. His teachings and writings explore the significance of Freud’s discovery of the unconscious both within the theory and practice of analysis itself as well as in connection with a wide range of other disciplines. Particularly for those interested in the philosophical dimensions of Freudian thought, Lacan’s oeuvre is invaluable. Over the course of the past fifty-plus years, Lacanian ideas have become central to the various receptions of things psychoanalytic in Continental philosophical circles especially.

Michael Puett on decsion-making and whether we should be searching for our "essence" to shape our careers (youtube)

What have we learned? Our "Best Bit" takeaways from the Interview

KEY INSIGHTS FROM THE INTERVIEW FOR OUR INQUIRY

Here you can find the most memorable insights from our interview, related to our three inquiry questions. Simply select from the drop down menu on the right -->

The good life
  • The good life for me is being in a place where I feel healthy, where I feel like I’m flourishing, where I explore my curiosity. But it also means having a full range of emotions. (…) My life is marred by grief. And it’s part of living the good life. (…) To be able to live with sadness and happiness and struggle. I’ve always accepted that life’s a struggle, and I don’t expect it not to be a struggle. It’s about how you engage in that struggle and how you engage with the challenges around you. It’s about having an engagement with a full range of emotions and being fully human and fully engaged in the world.
  • I think I live an enchanted life. (…) There is something about being close to enchanted people, things, and environments, and manifesting that between myself and others. (…) There are glimpses of God in the world around me. That is how I experience it. And I think we have to reenchant the world in that way. I think too many people are disenchanted, and they’ve got lost in Netflix series and got locked in corporate worlds. (…) Mutuality, reciprocal ways of being, and relational ways of being, these are fundamentally important. And working beyond just humans into multi-species thinking is part of what reenchants the world for me.
Individuals and A Soulful Life
  • Secularism and modernity are failing. They left a void and this gap left an alienated self, a fragmented self. And we see where that leads to. Mass depression, and mass consumption. We try to fill that void in any way we can. So, I don’t think that some patriarchal God or some mega God outside ourselves is the answer, it doesn’t make sense to me personally. We need to rediscover how to enchant the world, how to live enchanted lives. Weber’s idea of the modernity being disenchanted is very important.(…) We need to find a spirited life, a soul life, an enchanted life. And I think we can find it again.
  • (…) I think if you just go down the individual path, you become a narcissistic self and self-consumed. That is problematic. I also think it is problematic to say there is NO self. (…) I experienced a soulfulness, and I only experienced that when I was in relation to others, to nature, or to other things. It is never “just Simon”. So, it is always “Simon in relation to something”. To my losses, to my love, and to my pleasure. And to my desires, to my hurt, to my sadness. It’s always in relation. So, it’s very relational. But for me, the individual does have a kind of soulfulness.
Critical Theory
  • For me, critical theory is about two things: One is not taking for granted normative assumptions. So, it is about not just accepting normative assumptions but always asking different questions and looking at what’s beneath the surface. In my framework, I think about depth analysis, using discourse analysis, using psychoanalysis, and using any way to look beneath the surface. (…) I use looking awry from Žižek, thinking about how we can look differently at situations. And I think this is incredibly important at the moment. We are just so conditioned to look in a certain way. And even critical theorists have this problem. They get stuck in the same patterns as everybody else. So, looking awry is important.
  • But the other thing about critical theory is its emancipatory framing which quite often is forgotten. People in critical theory often just fall into critiquing. (…) Deconstruction is easy. But what about reconstructing? That’s what I do in my book. I’m happy to deconstruct but only if we’re going to do the work of reconstructing as well. You know, rebuilding it in a more emancipatory and liberating way.
The Good Society
  • I don’t think there is a good society in a universal sense. A good society is something we have to debate, work with, and contest. (…) For me, the good society is something that is forever being questioned. Still, I find it quite a useful concept. When I’m running a class, I say to people that the good society is not some utopian idea “out there”. Yes, we do want to end world poverty; yes, we do want to stop the environment from being damaged. But what about this classroom? How are we going to create a good society in this classroom, with this group of 20 people? What does that mean, to create a good and generous learning environment? So, for me, it is always local and specific, as well as universal. And it is culturally defined and culturally shaped. I think we have to stretch it beyond humanity and think about multispecies, think about how we engage with technology and the environment. I don’t think we do that enough.

A Sense of Belonging
  • One of the four qualities of eco-leadership is organisational belonging. And it seems to me that organisations lost their sense of belonging. Not all of them, but particularly the big corporates and the international global organisations, where they do offshoring, and become separated from society. In the 18th century, there were also big powerful organisations, but they (…) knew their place. And they gave something back to that place. I think that kind of connection to place, and to people has been severed and lost through neoliberalism. That is hugely problematic. So, organisations need to belong.
  • (…) We have to belong to society as much as to belong to the environments in which we live. A huge part of my work is to reconnect organisations. I talk about organisations being ecosystems within ecosystems. And it seems to me that business schools and organisations lost that idea. (…) They still think of organisations as closed systems. I’m thinking that they are networks and open systems and they are fluid in society. There is no tight boundary between the organisation and society. This is a much more fluid boundary.
The Quakers and ‘Spiritual Consensus’
  • Power is everywhere. You don’t get rid of it. It’s just about how it’s used.
  • The way Quakers work is interesting because they don’t vote and have a voting consensus. They sit and they wait. One of the most interesting experiences I ever had was when I went to an annual meeting with 5000–6000 Quakers in Britain. (…) They were debating the idea of gay marriage. And the question was how this ever could be resolved with 6000 people reaching a consensus. And what happened was that the Quaker church became the first church in Britain to vote for gay marriage. The process seemingly went on for years, just discussions going back and forth. But eventually, at one meeting, they went there. The idea of spiritual consensus is for you to give your spirit up to the community. You follow the leading of the spirit. It’s not about your own individual ego or your individual voice. No, you follow the leading of the spirit. In the end, people came to a consensus that voting for gay marriage is what the Quaker movement should do. (…)
  • And although it seemed to take ages, the Quakers got there quicker than any of the hierarchical churches that were trying to make decisions on this specific issue. They followed 5–10 years later. So the consensual process actually led to a speedier resolution than hierarchies. You can learn a lot from that. You’re not going for a vote or majority, you’re trying to put yourself in a collective position and see where the spirit leads you.
The four discourses of leadership
  • Controller leadership discourse: I was trying to understand how people thought about leadership over the last 100 years. And that is how I came up with the four discourses. (…) The first discourse was at the turn of the century, and it was the ‘controller’ leadership discourse. This is when scientific rationalism got brought into the organisational workplace. (…) It was about applying science to the workplace to make it more efficient. It was the project of modernity. And of coure, it was hugely successful. (…) It’s a growing discourse again — it went into some demise because it was so dehumanizing, but it is coming back through big data, algorithmic management, and target control. We see controller leadership is on the rise again.
  • Therapist discourse: The second discourse came about in the post-war era and became dominant in the late 1960s, early 1970s. This is the therapist discourse. It was a big shift from controlling workers to motivating workers. It was about how to bring psychology into the workplace, rather than just science. (…) People were searching for happiness, searching for pleasure, searching for self-satisfaction. There’s the idea that you should be emotive and expressive, rather than having a stiff upper lip and keeping your emotions to yourself. So, there’s this big flip in society in the West, and it entered the workplace as well. People came to work to work on themselves. (…) That’s what the therapist discourse is all about — about motivating employees, because a happy worker is a more productive worker. It’s not just altruistic. (…) That discourse is very strong [even until today]. We see it in HR, we see it in leadership development, we see it in organisations where they put people first, where they realize that people are “their most important asset”.
  • Messiah discourse: The next discourse came along in the 1980s. In the 1980s, that economic slump in the West challenged our way of thinking. (…) Suddenly, the Asian Tiger Economies were outperforming the American economy, and it was a big shock to the ego and to the system. How could those small countries outperform us? So, they sent off their consultants and their researchers to Asia to try and make some sense of it. And what they came back with was the leverage and advantages of collectivism. They have strong cultures, they wear the same uniforms, they sing the company anthem, they raise a company flag, and they shared canteens. It was just a much more collective society. And the companies managed to leverage that society in the workplace. (…) They tried to take that idea [of collectivism] to the west. But the question was, how do you create this in an individualistic society like America? (…) Basically, what they did was to get the idea of a transformational leader as a ‘messiah’ leader. I call it the messiah discourse, because a messiah leader would set out a vision and people in the company would follow that vision, in order to try to create a strong culture. So, the idea of creating a company, which had a “family” feel, a community feel to it, all this language was trying to create collectivism, which brought people together to work hard together, to deliver. So, messiah leadership was not just about a hero on a white horse, like the old hero leaders. It was about creating strong cultures. The flip side is that you get culture control, which creates totalizing environments and conformist environments.
  • I wrote about how fundamentalist churches learned directly from capitalism, and capitalism learned directly from fundamental churches. They were isomorphic and imported each other’s ideas. (…) In some corporations, it’s exactly like being in a fundamentalist church. If you critique it, you’re out. You follow the messiah leader, the discourse, and there’s a feeling of being part of something, which is positive. But you lose your sense of self and critique and autonomy. In the end, it’s a dangerous place to be.
Eco-Leadership
  • I saw the prefix “eco” being used around networks and ecosystems (…) and I noticed an emerging discourse. Then I decided to do some work on it, because it seemed to me that it is very important to have a new discourse of leadership. Now I am further developing the theory and practice of eco-leadership. (…)
  • The idea is that, firstly, we think about organisations as ecosystems within ecosystems. They’re not closed systems to be made more efficient or just to be productive. They’re part of wider society, part of the environment, and engaging in wider societal, technological and environmental ecosystems. They’re just part of it, as we as humans are part of nature and part of the ecosystems.
  • There are three key ideas: One, it should be an ethical project. Social purpose should be brought into all organisations. It’s not just about growth and profit. The idea of shared values you are creating in your organisation became a mainstream idea, although it’s not practiced quite as far as it should be. The second part of it is that these organisations should be more participative. So, it’s about trying to shift that barrier between hierarchy and between leadership and followership. Position, power, leadership, and followership are changeable. And we should distribute leadership more throughout the organisation. So that the collective body becomes alive again, through being more participative, through people not just being dependent actors or robots in a machine, they actually bring themselves to work, and they bring what leadership qualities they have. And everybody has some of these qualities and followership qualities. The third part is eco-mindset. So, it’s a social purpose, participative organisations, and eco-mindset. (…) I think the third part, to shift our ideas from a machine to an ecosystem metaphor, from a modernist way of thinking into a post-modern way of thinking, is the hardest thing. I’m struggling with delivering this in the workplace. People conceptually get the ideas, but in practice they just flip back to the controller, therapist, and messiah leadership.
  • Eco-leadership is about getting them in balance in any part of the organisation and in the whole organisation. Some organisations will need more therapists leadership, some will need more controller leadership, and some will need to revise the central purpose and develop a strong culture that they can form around. Eco-leadership inside the organisation is about balancing the four discourses.
How to develop these leaders?
  • I think it’s a mistake to think that we can develop people individually. There is a huge amount of money wasted on leadership development in the past few years. And when I talk about leadership formation, I think about individuals, teams, whole organisations, and beyond. So, you don’t just pick off the high-potential leaders and take them to a course and train them to be eco-leaders. You actually need formation processes where leadership can emerge. I don’t think everybody can be a charismatic leader. I don’t think everyone can be an expert leader or can be a technical leadership. But I think everyone has leadership capacity, and it’s unique and it’s individual.
  • Like in a monastery, every monk has a charism. They might not be sure what their charism is, they have to discover it. But you have to create spaces for this charism to emerge in the individual. (…) When you are designing an organization to create an eco-leadership culture, you are trying to create a culture which enables leadership to emerge.

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diving deeper

Unleash your curiosity and discover new insights

✿ Good Leadership

Further explorations about coaching and its value for leadership development

Coaching and Mentoring: A Critical Text

by Simon Western
The Complete Handbook of Coaching

The Complete Handbook of Coaching

by Elaine Cox, Tatiana Bachkirova, David A. Clutterbuck
Coaching und Beratung in der Praxis: Ein neurowissenschaftlich fundiertes Integrationsmodell

Coaching und Beratung in der Praxis: Ein neurowissenschaftlich fundiertes Integrationsmodell

by Alica Ryba, Gerhard Roth
How Coaching Works: The Essential Guide to the History and Practice of Effective Coaching

How Coaching Works: The Essential Guide to the History and Practice of Effective Coaching

by Joseph O'connor
The Art of Transformational Coaching: A Guidebook For Helping Others Heal and Transform

The Art of Transformational Coaching: A Guidebook For Helping Others Heal and Transform

by Keith Merron
Co-active Coaching: New Skills for Coaching People Toward Success in Work and Life

Co-active Coaching: New Skills for Coaching People Toward Success in Work and Life

by Laura Whitworth, Henry Kimsey-House, Phil Sandahl
The Art of Possibility: Transforming Professional and Personal Life

The Art of Possibility: Transforming Professional and Personal Life

by Zander, Rosamund Stone, Zander, Benjamin
Coaching for Performance: GROWing Human Potential and Purpose - the Principles and Practice of Coaching and Leadership

Coaching for Performance: GROWing Human Potential and Purpose - the Principles and Practice of Coaching and Leadership

by John Whitmore
Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-free Productivity

Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-free Productivity

by David Allen
Triggers: Sparking positive change and making it last

Triggers: Sparking positive change and making it last

by Marshall Goldsmith, Mark Reiter
Radical Candor: Fully Revised and Updated Edition: How to Get What You Want by Saying What You Mean

Radical Candor: Fully Revised and Updated Edition: How to Get What You Want by Saying What You Mean

by Kim Scott
Trillion Dollar Coach: The Leadership Playbook of Silicon Valley's Bill Campbell

Trillion Dollar Coach: The Leadership Playbook of Silicon Valley's Bill Campbell

Eric Schmidt, Jonathan Rosenberg, Alan Eagle

✿ Good Leadership

Further explorations about psychoanalytical and psychodynamics in leadership development

Leadership: A Critical Text

by Simon Western

Staying with the Trouble

by Donna J. Haraway

Ecrits: A Selection

by Jacques Lacan

The Evolving Self: Problem and Process in Human Development

by Robert Kegan

Experiences in Groups: and Other Papers

by W. R. Bion
Systemic Coaching and Constellations

Systemic Coaching and Constellations

by John Whittington
Executive Coaching: Systems-Psychodynamic Perspective

Executive Coaching: Systems-Psychodynamic Perspective

by Halina Brunning
Existential Psychotherapy

Existential Psychotherapy

by Irvin Yalom
Finding Meaning in the Second Half of Life: How to Finally, Really Grow Up

Finding Meaning in the Second Half of Life

by James Hollis
King Warrior Magician Lover: Rediscovering the Archetypes of the Mature Masculine

King Warrior Magician Lover: Rediscovering the Archetypes of the Mature Masculine

by Moore, Robert, Gillette, Douglas
Reflective Practice and Personal Development in Counselling and Psychotherapy

Reflective Practice and Personal Development in Counselling and Psychotherapy

by Sofie Bager-Charleson
On Becoming a Person

On Becoming a Person

by Carl Rogers
The Different Drum: Community-making and peace

The Different Drum

by M. Scott Peck
Man's Search For Meaning: The classic tribute to hope from the Holocaust

Man's Search For Meaningst

by Viktor E Frankl

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